Check against delivery. Germany and the Republic of Korea may be geographically distant, but our economies share many similarities. Both are export-driven with large manufacturing sectors, deeply integrated into global value chains, and heavily reliant on imported energy. Additionally, both countries face challenges from aging populations and low birth rates.
In this speech, I will discuss the economic situation in Germany, policy measures needed at the national level, and actions required at the European level. I will also touch upon the outlook for euro area monetary policy.
Germany’s economic growth has slowed in recent years due to a loss of competitiveness in international markets and shocks such as the pandemic and energy price surges. The outlook for the German economy remains uncertain, with both challenges and opportunities on the horizon.
To address these issues, reforms in the areas of business environment, energy markets, and labor supply are essential to boost Germany’s growth potential. Bureaucracy and compliance costs are hindering investment and innovation, while high energy prices are impacting the industry. Structural reforms in these areas are necessary for long-term growth and competitiveness.
Overall, Germany must take decisive action to address these challenges and seize the opportunities for economic growth. By implementing necessary reforms at the national and European levels, Germany can navigate the current economic landscape and build a stronger, more resilient economy for the future. Substantial investment will be required for this transition. Germany, for example, is estimated to need around €390 billion annually from 2021 to 2030, which is equivalent to 11 percent of its GDP. However, a significant portion of these investments are for replacing fossil-fuel-based technologies with climate-neutral alternatives, resulting in lower net financing needs of around €120 billion or three percent of GDP. The goal is to carry out this transition at the lowest possible cost by implementing a standard carbon price across sectors to cut emissions efficiently and spur innovation in green technologies. Policy must also ensure reliability and accelerate digitalization in the energy system to make more efficient use of renewables and reduce costs. Ultimately, the rapid deployment of renewables is seen as the best way to reduce dependence on imports and achieve climate neutrality. Enhancing the integration of European energy markets should be a key focus. The European Union’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 requires substantial investments, estimated at over €1.2 trillion annually from 2021 to 2030. Currently, Europe’s power systems are predominantly national, and improving cross-border grids and market coupling would effectively balance supply and demand, reduce reliance on expensive reserve capacity, and accelerate the adoption of renewable energy sources. This integration would ultimately lead to lower energy prices, bolster climate policies, and enhance energy security. Die sogenannte natürliche Rate wird als der Zinssatz definiert, der mit einem Wachstumspotenzial und stabilen Preisen übereinstimmt. Da wir sie nicht direkt beobachten können, müssen wir sie schätzen.
Unsere neuesten Schätzungen der Bundesbank für das dritte Quartal 2025 basieren auf einer Vielzahl von Modellen und deuten in nominalen Werten auf Werte zwischen 1,7 und 2,6 Prozent hin. Die modellbasierten Berechnungen des Eurosystems im Frühjahr 2025 ergaben eine nominale natürliche Rate zwischen 1,75 und 2,25 Prozent.
Dementsprechend befindet sich der aktuelle Zinssatz von 2 Prozent ungefähr in der Mitte dieser Spannen. Dies legt nahe, dass die Geldpolitik des Eurosystems derzeit weitgehend neutral ist. Diese Einschätzung sollte jedoch mit Vorsicht betrachtet werden, da Schätzungen der neutralen Rate grundsätzlich unsicher sind.
Unsere Inflationsprognosen sind ein besseres Maß für Zinsentscheidungen. In den neuesten Prognosen von September 2025 erwartete das Personal der EZB, dass die Inflation in den nächsten drei Jahren durchschnittlich bei rund 2 Prozent liegen würde, einschließlich eines leichten Rückgangs im Jahr 2026. Das Wachstum im Euroraum über denselben Zeitraum sollte durchschnittlich etwa 1,2 Prozent betragen. Das liegt sehr nahe an der Schätzung der Europäischen Kommission von einem potenziellen Wachstum von 1,1 Prozent für 2026.
Darüber hinaus sind die Prognosen seit einiger Zeit recht stabil. Zusammenfassend deuten unsere Prognosen auch darauf hin, dass die Zinssätze derzeit angemessen sind.
Derzeit arbeitet das Personal des Eurosystems an der Fertigstellung von Prognosen, die im Rahmen des Treffens des EZB-Rates im Dezember veröffentlicht werden sollen. Sie werden eine erste Prognose für das Jahr 2028 enthalten. Basierend auf diesen Prognosen werden wir in der Lage sein zu bestimmen, ob wir noch auf Kurs sind, um unser mittelfristiges Inflationsziel zu erreichen.
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit. In the Republic of Korea, the percentage was even higher at 85%. Moreover, we need to expedite the digitalization of the energy system by swiftly implementing smart meters, smart grids, and bidirectional charging. This will allow us to optimize the use of renewable energy sources, ultimately reducing the costs associated with transitioning to green energy.
Overall, I firmly believe that maintaining the momentum of renewable energy deployment will yield significant benefits. This is crucial for reducing our reliance on imports and staying committed to achieving climate neutrality.
Additionally, we must address labor supply challenges through various reforms. The demographic shift, with retiring baby boomers leading to a decline in the workforce, poses a significant obstacle to growth. To counter this, we should make work more attractive and accessible, particularly for part-time workers, especially women. Simplifying procedures for labor market-oriented migration and tapping into the potential of older workers can help alleviate labor shortages, boost growth, and enhance pension financing.
European reforms are also essential to address key issues facing Germany. Trade agreements with like-minded partners, such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), can help mitigate the impacts of rising protectionism. Furthermore, deeper integration in economics, finance, and energy within Europe is crucial for enhancing resilience and competitiveness on a global scale.
In conclusion, a comprehensive approach that combines national and European reforms is necessary to overcome challenges and seize opportunities for sustainable growth and development. We should collaborate with partners outside of the EU, such as the UK and Norway. The European Commission’s Readiness 2030 strategy is a positive step towards creating a single market for defense goods, which can lead to cost savings. However, due to the structural increase in defense spending, financing becomes a crucial issue. While temporary exceptions may help mobilize resources quickly, permanently higher outlays must align with the European framework for sound public finances.
In terms of payments, Europe relies heavily on non-European providers, leading to vulnerabilities and geopolitical risks. Implementing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in the euro area can reduce dependence on non-European providers. Strengthening defense capabilities and adopting digital currency would enhance Europe’s resilience.
Euro area monetary policy decisions are made by the ECB’s Governing Council, which includes national central bank governors and the ECB’s Executive Board. Interest rates in the euro area have fluctuated in response to inflation, with the current deposit facility rate at 2%. Estimates suggest that the current rate of 2% aligns with the natural rate of interest, indicating that Eurosystem monetary policy is broadly neutral at present. Sin embargo, esta evaluación debe tomarse con precaución, ya que las estimaciones de la tasa neutral son inherentemente inciertas.
Nuestras proyecciones de inflación son una mejor guía para las decisiones sobre tasas de interés. En las últimas proyecciones de septiembre de 2025, el personal del BCE esperaba que la inflación promediara alrededor del 2 por ciento en los próximos tres años, incluyendo una ligera caída en 2026. El crecimiento del área del euro durante el mismo período debería promediar alrededor del 1,2 por ciento. Eso está muy cerca de la estimación de crecimiento potencial del 1,1 por ciento de la Comisión Europea para 2026.
Además, las proyecciones han sido bastante estables durante algún tiempo. En conjunto, nuestras proyecciones también sugieren que las tasas de interés están actualmente en un buen lugar.
En este momento, el personal del Eurosistema está finalizando proyecciones que se publicarán en conjunto con la reunión del Consejo de Gobierno del BCE en diciembre. Incluirán una proyección inicial para 2028. Basándonos en estas previsiones, podremos determinar si todavía estamos en camino de alcanzar nuestro objetivo de inflación a medio plazo.
Para concluir, Alemania y la República de Corea enfrentan desafíos similares. Espero que mis comentarios les hayan dado una visión clara de cómo Alemania y Europa podrían abordar estos desafíos.
Para aumentar su crecimiento potencial, Alemania debe reducir la burocracia, reducir los costos energéticos y expandir su oferta laboral. A nivel europeo, debemos profundizar en el Mercado Único, finalizar la Unión de Ahorro e Inversión, integrar los mercados energéticos y aumentar la resistencia de Europa en defensa y pagos.
Realmente aprecio estar aquí en la República de Corea y aprender de sus experiencias. Al profundizar los lazos entre nuestros dos países, podemos aprender el uno del otro y avanzar más rápidamente.
Por ahora, espero nuestra discusión.
Gracias por su atención. The demographic shift will impact labor supply and public finances. Addressing these challenges and seizing opportunities will be the focus of this speech, with a particular emphasis on Germany and Europe. Lessons learned may also be applicable to the Republic of Korea. The speech will be organized around three questions: the current economic situation in Germany, policy measures at the national level, and actions needed at the European level to complement national reforms. Finally, the outlook for euro area monetary policy will be discussed. This is the most effective way for us to reduce our reliance on imports and continue our journey towards climate neutrality.
3.3 Labour supply
The third area requiring reforms is the labor supply.
The main challenge in this area is the demographic trend, particularly as baby boomers retire, leading to a decrease in the workforce and potential growth. Therefore, it is essential to make work more accessible and rewarding.
One approach is to support part-time workers in increasing their hours, especially women, as Germany’s annual hours per worker are relatively low compared to other advanced economies. This can be achieved by addressing disincentives related to taxes and social security contributions, as well as improving childcare and eldercare provision.
Additionally, Germany needs to focus on labor market-oriented migration, with measures such as faster digital processing, simplified recognition of qualifications, and better integration to retain skilled workers. Improving language training and residency rights for family members can also enhance worker retention.
Furthermore, maximizing the potential of older workers by linking retirement ages to life expectancy and removing incentives for early retirement can help address labor shortages and support growth and pension financing.
By implementing these strategies, Germany can alleviate labor shortages, boost growth, and strengthen pension systems.
4 Need for European reforms
National reforms are crucial in addressing Germany’s challenges, but many key issues will require European-level decisions.
For example, in the realm of trade, Europe must remain committed to a rules-based global trading system amidst rising protectionism. Forming free trade agreements with like-minded partners, such as the members of the CPTPP and Korea, can help counter protectionist trends.
Furthermore, deeper integration and greater resilience at the European level are essential for addressing challenges in economics, finance, and energy.
4.1 Deepening European integration
European integration needs to be strengthened in the areas of economics, finance, and energy.
4.1.1 Economic integration
Enhancing economic integration is crucial for the European Union.
While progress has been made in the free movement of goods and people, trade in services is still hindered by fragmented national rules. Removing these barriers can enhance competition and productivity, with the digital single market playing a key role in facilitating cross-border operations.
Creating an optional «28th regime» can simplify operations for companies navigating multiple national rulebooks, promoting easier cross-border activities.
4.1.2 Financial integration
Deeper financial integration is necessary for Europe.
The Savings and Investments Union aims to channel household savings into domestic investment, promoting more equity funding for start-ups and larger firms. This shift towards equity, market-based debt, and venture capital can benefit both businesses and investors.
Improving access to equity for start-ups and establishing a securitization market can enhance capital markets and encourage investment in green projects, defense, and innovation.
4.1.3 Energy system integration
Integrating European energy markets is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality.
By aligning supply and demand more efficiently through better cross-border grids and market coupling, Europe can accelerate the transition to renewables, reduce energy prices, and strengthen climate policy and energy security.
4.2 Fostering European resilience
In addition to integration, Europe must enhance its resilience.
4.2.1 Defence
Closer defense coordination and collaboration with partners beyond the EU are essential for bolstering European resilience.
The Readiness 2030 strategy by the European Commission aims to create a single market for defense goods, reducing costs and increasing efficiency in defense spending.
Increased defense spending and coordination will be necessary for Europe to enhance its defense capabilities and resilience in the coming years.
This inevitably leads to the question of funding. In the European Union, debt financing is constrained by fiscal regulations that ensure the stability of public finances, a prerequisite for the effectiveness of monetary policy in maintaining price stability. In times of urgency, temporary exemptions may be necessary to quickly mobilize resources. However, any permanent increase in expenditures must comply with the European framework for sound public finances.
Payments are another area where Europe needs to enhance its resilience as it currently heavily relies on non-European payment providers. For instance, a significant portion of card transactions in the euro area are processed by non-European providers like Visa and Mastercard, creating dependencies and exposing Europe to geopolitical risks. The potential widespread adoption of US dollar stablecoins in Europe could further increase reliance on American providers.
The introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in the euro area would help secure critical infrastructure and reduce dependence on non-European providers. The Eurosystem has made progress in preparing for the digital euro, but a legal basis is still needed for its issuance. Additionally, tests involving market participants for wholesale CBDC solutions have shown promising results, with ongoing projects like the Pontes project utilizing distributed ledger technology to settle transactions in central bank money.
Overall, enhancing defense capabilities and modernizing the euro through digitalization would bolster Europe’s resilience. In combination, our forecasts indicate that current interest rates are at an optimal level. Please rewrite this sentence. Can you rephrase that? Please rewrite the following sentence for me. Can you please rewrite this sentence?
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