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1 Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen,
Right off the bat, I have a question for you about Goethe’s Faust – and I’m thinking of both parts. Do you think Mephistopheles came across more as a lawyer or an economist?
The famous pact between Faust and the devil is evocative of the signing of a legal contract. But on the other hand, in part two of the tragedy Mephistopheles acts as an economic player in the money creation scene: he creates paper money to remedy the emperor’s lack of currency.That ultimately leads to inflation.If you ask an AI chatbot, say, the answer isn’t totally clear. Mephistopheles has both legal and economic aspects. He embodies both roles.
The fact is that there are many interfaces between law and economics. And some universities even unite the two disciplines under the umbrella of one faculty. Another thing our specialisms probably share is being considered “dry as dust”. And our jargon is often comprehensible only to insiders. Impenetrable walls of paragraphs or models that seem like closed books.
By contrast, I hope that my brief speech today will be entertaining and easily understood even by non-experts. I would like to give an overview of sorts of current issues – and, in keeping with the title of the event, provide “Frankfurt impulses”. Let me begin with geopolitical developments; followed by a look first at Germany and then at Europe. To finish, I would like to say a few words about central banks and monetary policy.
2 Changed geopolitical conditions
The COVID-19 pandemic, the more politicized Chinese economy, and the war in Ukraine have already shown that it is important to reduce economic dependencies. Geoeconomic considerations are increasingly playing a role. The change of administration in the United States has once again altered the landscape enormously.
US tariff policy is calling into question the multilateral trading system more than ever. Universal rules have to make way for deals on trade policy. And the stronger party prevails – though who that actually is sometimes only becomes apparent over time. International cooperation is suffering.
After multiple decades of advancing global integration, the global economy is at risk of becoming fragmented. That is very regrettable and also costly to the economy. You see, international trade and the division of labor increase productivity and welfare.
We should not be dramatizing current developments, nor should we be downplaying them. The United States is a key player. If it pulls back from international cooperation, that will leave a mark. US imports make up around 13% of global trade, for example. Trade restrictions have increased worldwide. Although new trade agreements have also been made at the same time, this does not compensate for the damage.
The fact that the United States is somewhat cutting itself off economically with its protectionist measures is one thing. But the fact that the changed geopolitical conditions are accompanied by much greater uncertainty is also putting additional strain on global economic activity. Germany and Europe are therefore facing economic pressures and challenges.
The higher tariffs have so far had less of an impact on the global economy than was feared at times, but their negative consequences are likely to increase. The United States accounts for a share of around one-fifth of German and European exports to countries outside the European Union. Exchange rate developments are another complicating factor for domestic export business.[1]
The euro has appreciated by more than 12% against the US dollar since the beginning of the year. Compared with the currencies of 18 trading partners, euro appreciation came to just over 5.5%. In my opinion, the current valuation level of the euro is not concerning. After all, the dollar exchange rate, which is currently sitting at around €1.16, is not far from its historical average. However, the appreciation of the euro has led to a further deterioration in the price competitiveness of the German economy and the euro area. According to Bundesbank calculations, it is no longer favorable, but rather neutral.[2]
How should we respond to all this? Europe and Germany need to position themselves in the fragmented world as well as they can. We must be careful not to get crushed in the geostrategic conflict between the United States and China. We should work more closely with countries that are also interested in open, rules-based trade. The agreement between Mercosur and the European Union is a good example. However, new free trade agreements should be negotiated much faster than the Mercosur agreement, which took more than 25 years. Above all, it is high time we became more competitive and more independent. I would now like to move on to the situation and outlook in Germany.
3 Strengthening Germany’s economic strength in the long term
The German economy stagnated in the third quarter. It will probably grow only slightly overall this year. It is likely that growth will be more pronounced next year. However, the likely increase in government spending is a major factor in this.
For our economy to grow stronger again in the long term, it must become more productive, regain lost competitiveness and generally make better use of its opportunities. This means creating a favorable environment for investment and innovation, for example by reducing bureaucracy and easing regulation.
We must not fall behind, especially with regard to future technologies such as artificial intelligence. And it is extremely important to restructure the energy sector in a way that is both climate-friendly and economically sound, and to make the energy sector and energy markets in Europe more interlinked. Lower energy prices would benefit household finances and make Germany a cheaper location for businesses. More integrated energy markets can reduce price fluctuations.
Furthermore, Germany also needs to have enough labor to sustain higher economic growth. Younger working-age people are steadily declining in both absolute numbers and as a share of the population.
As life expectancy continues to rise, it is inevitable that we will have to work for longer periods. This shift makes early retirement less appealing for several reasons. Firstly, it prevents younger generations from facing an even heavier burden. Secondly, it worsens the shortage of skilled workers. Therefore, labor market-oriented immigration will become even more crucial than it already is.
In summary, while higher government spending on public investment is important, it must be accompanied by reforms that strengthen Germany and Europe as a whole. The European Union needs to push ahead with structural reforms and integration, prioritizing compromise over national advantages to tackle global challenges effectively.
Furthermore, building common defense capabilities in Europe is urgent, and closer economic cooperation is necessary. Overcoming internal market obstacles, especially in the services and energy sectors, will unlock the economic potential of the 450 million-strong European market. Financial integration through a savings and investments union and the introduction of a European central bank digital currency are essential steps towards economic independence and stability.
Central bank independence is a valuable asset that should not be compromised. Political interference in monetary policy can lead to loss of public confidence, financial market turmoil, and hinder the central bank’s ability to ensure price stability. While central banks must have a clearly defined mandate, they should also consider long-term economic challenges, such as climate change. This is because they are also relevant for price and financial stability. Before I conclude, you will probably want to hear me say something about European monetary policy. Euro area inflation has stabilized close to 2% in recent months, and according to previous ECB staff projections, inflation is likely to be close to the 2% target over the medium term. However, some aftereffects of the wave of inflation are still being felt, particularly in supermarket inflation. Food prices, in particular, have seen persistent increases above average. The ECB is closely monitoring this and the continued strong services inflation. We should continue to follow a data-dependent and flexible approach in making decisions on a meeting-by-meeting basis. In December, we will have additional data and new projections for the next two years and for 2028, providing more insight into whether the monetary policy stance remains appropriate. Europe must hold its own in this changed world by increasing productivity and competitiveness, promoting European sovereignty, and working closely together to deepen the single market, make progress on the savings and investments union, and introduce a European central bank digital currency. Quality and reliability of institutions are also crucial, including an independent central bank, judiciary, and the preservation of democracy. Stumbling along the way is preferable to not making any progress at all. Thank you for your attention. Global cooperation is facing challenges. The global economy, which has seen significant integration over the years, is now at risk of fragmentation. This is regrettable and has negative implications for the economy. International trade and division of labor boost productivity and welfare, making it essential for countries to work together.
The United States plays a crucial role in global cooperation, and any retreat from it could have a significant impact. The increase in trade restrictions globally, despite new trade agreements being made, is causing damage to the economy. The geopolitical uncertainties accompanying these changes are adding strain to global economic activity, affecting countries like Germany and Europe.
The recent tariffs have not had a severe impact on the global economy yet, but their negative consequences are expected to grow. The appreciation of the euro against the US dollar is affecting the competitiveness of the German economy and the Eurozone. To navigate this fragmented world, countries need to focus on becoming more competitive and independent while working closely with like-minded nations for open and rules-based trade.
In Germany, long-term economic strength requires increased productivity, regained competitiveness, and better utilization of opportunities. This includes creating a conducive environment for investment and innovation by reducing bureaucracy and regulations. Investments in future technologies like artificial intelligence and restructuring the energy sector for sustainability are crucial. Additionally, addressing labor shortages through longer working years and strategic immigration policies is essential.
At the European level, structural reforms and integration are necessary for economic strength and sovereignty. Common defense capabilities and a unified energy market are vital for the EU’s success. Implementing proposals for closer European cooperation and financial integration is crucial for harnessing the economic potential of the region. Ultimately, compromise and cooperation are key to navigating the current challenges and ensuring mutual benefits for all. However, the implementation of these measures is still pending.
The main goal is to redirect the high savings of European households towards productive investments and innovative enterprises. This shift would benefit households by increasing earnings and reducing risks, while businesses would benefit from a larger capital supply at lower costs. Additionally, it would make Europe more self-sufficient in terms of financing sources, especially for young, innovative businesses.
Another important initiative is the introduction of a European central bank digital currency to counteract fragmentation within Europe and enhance independence in payment systems. This digital euro would be accessible to all citizens and reduce dependence on US payment service providers.
The adoption of a legal basis in Brussels is crucial for the introduction of the digital euro, with a potential launch in 2029. This move would also serve as a response to the increasing popularity of US dollar-denominated stablecoins, strengthening the attractiveness of the euro.
In conclusion, Europe must adapt to the changing global landscape by focusing on productivity, competitiveness, and sovereignty. This includes deepening the single market and advancing initiatives like the savings and investments union and the digital euro. Tercero, la introducción de la moneda digital del banco central europeo.
Lo que también es importante es la calidad y confiabilidad de las instituciones, incluido un banco central independiente, un poder judicial independiente y, por supuesto, la preservación de nuestra democracia. Profesor Friedman, en el pasaje de apertura de su último libro, señala que el ataque a nuestra democracia liberal es el más grave desde la década de 1930. Una Europa libre podría ser historia en unos pocos años. Sin embargo, el final de su libro nos da esperanza de que la democracia evolucionará. Señala que es posible que tropecemos en el camino. En mi opinión, tropezar de vez en cuando es ciertamente preferible a no hacer ningún progreso en absoluto.
Ahora me gustaría ceder la palabra y agradecerles por su atención.
Notas a pie de página:
1. Bundesbank Alemana, Mercados Financieros, Agosto de 2025, información adicional en el Informe Mensual: Medidas de apreciación del euro en el debate de política monetaria.
2. Bundesbank Alemana, Mercados Financieros, Agosto de 2025, información adicional en el Informe Mensual: Revisiones recientes de datos indican una competitividad de precios menos favorable en Alemania y la zona euro.
3. Draghi, M. (2024), El informe Draghi sobre la competitividad de la UE.
4. Letta, E. (2024), Mucho más que un mercado.
5. Nagengast, A., F. Rios-Avila y Y. Yotov, El mercado único europeo y el comercio intra-UE: una evaluación con métodos de diferencias en diferencias robustos a la heterogeneidad. Documento de Discusión 26/2025 de la Bundesbank Alemana.
6. Banco Central Europeo (2025), El Eurosistema avanza a la siguiente fase del proyecto del euro digital.
7. Banco Central Europeo (2025), Cuando los comestibles muerden: el papel de los precios de los alimentos en la inflación en la zona euro.
8. R+V Insurance (2025), Estudio R+V: Los alemanes tienen más miedo a la inflación que a Trump.
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Verificar antes de la entrega. The euro’s appreciation has negatively impacted the price competitiveness of the German economy and the euro area, as the dollar exchange rate remains close to its historical average at around €1.16. According to Bundesbank calculations, the situation is now considered neutral rather than favorable. In response to these challenges, Europe and Germany must strategically position themselves in a fragmented world to avoid being caught in the geostrategic conflict between the United States and China. Closer collaboration with countries interested in open, rules-based trade, like the Mercosur and the European Union agreement, is essential. However, new free trade agreements should be negotiated more efficiently to enhance competitiveness and independence.
In terms of strengthening Germany’s economic resilience, it is crucial to focus on productivity, regained competitiveness, and improved investment and innovation environments. This can be achieved by reducing bureaucracy and regulatory burdens. Embracing future technologies like artificial intelligence, restructuring the energy sector to be climate-friendly and economically viable, and addressing labor shortages through immigration and extended working age are also vital steps. While increased government spending for public investment is important, sustainable reforms are necessary to fortify Germany’s business landscape.
At the European level, structural reforms and closer integration are imperative for economic strength and sovereignty. Overcoming internal market obstacles, particularly in the services and energy sectors, can unlock the economic potential of the 450 million people in Europe. Implementing proposals from reports like those by Mario Draghi and Enrico Letta is essential for advancing financial integration and realizing the benefits of a savings and investments union. A European central bank digital currency could further enhance financial independence and counteract fragmentation within Europe, reducing reliance on US payment service providers.
Overall, Europe and Germany must prioritize cooperation, innovation, and strategic reforms to navigate global challenges and strengthen their economic positions in the long term. These digital tokens are issued by private entities with the goal of maintaining a stable value, and are backed by assets such as government bonds. The use of stablecoins, particularly those denominated in US dollars, is increasing due to their advantages in specific areas such as inter-firm and cross-border payments. US regulations also support the use of stablecoins to reinforce the dominance of the US dollar.
The potential widespread adoption of US company-issued stablecoins in Europe could threaten the region’s payment sovereignty. This highlights the importance of Euro-pegged stablecoins from European issuers, which are currently limited in availability.
Central bank independence is crucial for effective monetary policy. Recent challenges to the independence of the US Federal Reserve emphasize the need to safeguard central bank autonomy to maintain public trust in monetary policy decisions.
European monetary policy faces challenges such as persisting inflation in food prices, despite overall inflation stabilizing near the target rate. The European Central Bank is monitoring these developments closely to ensure price stability.
In conclusion, maintaining credible and sustainable policies that prioritize international cooperation is essential for economic success. Europe must focus on increasing productivity, competitiveness, and promoting European sovereignty through measures like deepening the single market and introducing European central bank digital currency. Upholding the quality and reliability of institutions, including an independent central bank, judiciary, and democratic processes, is crucial for European stability and progress. Please rewrite this sentence. Can you please rewrite this?
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