Please note that this is a transcript of the speech delivered.
1 Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen, it is always a pleasure to be at the European Banking Congress and address such a distinguished audience. This year’s theme – investing in Europe – is particularly relevant given the significant challenges our continent is currently facing.
Firstly, Europe’s security is facing increasing pressure, necessitating higher defense spending.
Secondly, the global trade environment has become more challenging, impacting European growth.
Thirdly, Europe is on the brink of a major demographic shift as the baby boomer generation retires, leading to a scarcity in labor supply.
Lastly, Europe is transitioning towards a carbon-neutral economy, requiring significant investments.
Considering these factors, both labor and capital for productive investment will be in short supply. The key to progress lies in enhancing productivity. In my speech, I will delve into Europe’s productivity from a long-term perspective, linking it to the standard of living.
I will structure my discussion around two fundamental questions: Firstly, how has Europe’s productivity and standard of living compared to the United States over the past three decades? And secondly, what strategies can Europe adopt to enhance productivity?
2 Productivity growth: trailing behind
Let’s begin by examining the evolution of productivity in Europe and the United States over the last thirty years. I will measure productivity using the real GDP to hours worked ratio, starting from 1995. Why 1995, you may ask?
The choice of 1995 stems from the historical trend where Europe’s productivity growth surpassed that of the United States post-World War II, but this trend shifted in the mid-1990s.[1]
Between 1995 and 2024, labor productivity in the U.S. increased by nearly 61%, while in the European Union, it only rose by a little over 39%. This created a productivity gap of around 21 percentage points over three decades.
While it may seem like the gap widened steadily over the years, a closer look reveals fluctuations.
From 1995 to 2002, productivity growth was vibrant in both economies, with the U.S. slightly ahead. However, from 2003 onwards, the U.S. started outpacing Europe, especially benefiting from efficiency gains in information and communication technologies (ICT).[3]
The gap widened significantly in 2009 post the global financial crisis, with U.S. productivity surging while European productivity declined. This surge in U.S. productivity was associated with «excess layoffs,» where firms cut hours and jobs more than output decreased.[4]
From 2011 onward, the productivity gap started narrowing as U.S. growth slowed. The post-recession «rehiring effect» led to a gradual fade in earlier productivity gains from excess layoffs as firms rehired workers.[5]
By 2019, U.S. productivity was less than 12 percentage points higher than in Europe compared to 1995.[6] So, how did the initial 21% productivity gap arise?
The widening of the productivity gap by almost 10 percentage points in just five years is attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s actions in Ukraine.
Reflect on this – nearly half of the productivity gap from the past thirty years emerged in the last five years alone.[7]
Several factors contributed to this recent divergence.
Firstly, by 2019, the U.S. had likely resumed a higher trajectory of productivity growth, while structural impediments persisted in Europe.
Secondly, the initial year of the COVID-19 pandemic boosted productivity in the U.S., akin to the trend post the global financial crisis.[8]
Thirdly, Russia’s actions in Ukraine caused an adverse terms-of-trade shock for energy-dependent Europe.[9]
Lastly, U.S. fiscal policies were more expansionary than Europe’s, contributing to higher real GDP growth in the U.S.[10] For perspective, between 2020 and 2024, the average U.S. fiscal deficit was 8.3% of GDP – over three times that of Europe.
In summary, while the European productivity gap has been widening over time, the significant expansion occurred recently due to a combination of persistent trends and recent shocks.
3 Standard of living: exceeding expectations
Ultimately, productivity serves as a means to achieve a higher standard of living. How has Europe’s standard of living compared to the U.S. in the past thirty years? Given the modest productivity growth, one might anticipate Europe falling behind significantly.
It’s important to acknowledge that individual well-being is influenced by factors beyond GDP, such as social security, health, and equality. However, the reality is more nuanced when looking at output alone. The gap between the United States and Europe in terms of real GDP per capita growth is less than half the productivity gap. This is because Europe successfully tapped into previously unused labor reserves, offsetting the lower growth in labor productivity with an increase in labor input. When adjusting GDP figures for price level differences using purchasing power parities, Europe’s standard of living relative to the United States appears better than unadjusted figures suggest.
To boost productivity growth in Europe, it is important to address long-term factors such as fiscal policy constraints and access to energy, while also focusing on benefiting from the digital transformation and promoting innovation and growth in firms. Simplifying and harmonizing European regulations, improving access to equity market financing, and encouraging the emergence of innovative start-ups are key steps that can be taken at the EU level to enhance productivity growth. Derzeit sind die europäischen Kapitalmärkte im Vergleich zu denen in den USA noch fragmentiert und unterentwickelt. Diese mangelnde Integration führt zu weniger Tiefe und Liquidität, was es Unternehmen erschwert, die benötigten Mittel zur Expansion aufzubringen.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass wichtige europäische Initiativen bereits in Gang gesetzt wurden. Um ihr volles Potenzial zu entfalten, müssen wir diese europäischen Initiativen mit Geschwindigkeit und Ehrgeiz umsetzen und sie durch gezielte nationale Politiken verstärken.
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit. The surge in US productivity has been attributed to «excess layoffs,» where firms cut hours and jobs more than the decline in output. This trend began to reverse in 2011 as US growth slowed, possibly due to a post-recession «rehiring effect.» By 2019, US productivity was only slightly higher than in Europe, compared to 1995. However, recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s attack on Ukraine have widened the productivity gap. This divergence can be attributed to factors such as structural differences in productivity growth, fiscal policies, and external shocks. Despite the growing productivity gap in Europe, real GDP per capita has remained relatively close to that of the US, thanks to increased labor input. When adjusting for price level differences, Europe’s standard of living compared to the US is not as dire as unadjusted figures suggest. Moving forward, improving productivity growth will be crucial for enhancing the standard of living in Europe. Addressing long-term issues such as fiscal constraints and embracing technological advancements like artificial intelligence will be key in closing the productivity gap. Moreover, we have the ability to take immediate action where it is most impactful: within our companies, where innovation and growth truly take place. Comparing the business landscapes of the United States and Europe reveals significant differences. In the US, there is a dynamic mix of small, disruptive start-ups and large, dominant corporations. On the contrary, Europe is characterized by a prevalence of small to medium-sized enterprises, with some being market leaders in specific products but lacking the agility and scale to compete globally.
To encourage the rise of innovative start-ups and support the growth of established firms, it is essential to focus on the European Union level. Simplifying and harmonizing regulations across Europe is a crucial step towards boosting productivity growth. Initiatives such as the «28th Regime» could provide a unified legal framework for companies operating across borders, reducing compliance costs and facilitating faster expansion.
Improving access to equity market financing is also vital for the growth of businesses in Europe. Completing the Savings and Investments Union is necessary to enhance venture capital markets and attract more institutional investors. By implementing these European initiatives swiftly and complementing them with targeted national policies, we can maximize their impact and drive productivity growth in Europe.
In conclusion, while Europe faces significant challenges, it has the potential to overcome them by implementing the discussed policy measures. By turning these challenges into opportunities for productivity growth, Europe can reignite its convergence process. Thank you for your attention. ### 1 Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen, it is always a pleasure to be at the European Banking Congress and speak to such a distinguished audience. This year’s theme – investing in Europe – is especially timely given the major challenges our continent is currently facing. Europe is experiencing increasing pressure on security, a challenging global trade environment, a major demographic shift with the retirement of the baby boomer generation, and a transition to a carbon-neutral economy. These factors highlight the need for increased investment in Europe to address these challenges. In this speech, I will take a long-term perspective on Europe’s productivity and its impact on the standard of living.
### 2 Productivity growth: lagging behind
Let us begin by examining how productivity has evolved in Europe and the United States over the past thirty years. Between 1995 and 2024, labor productivity in the United States increased by almost 61%, while in the European Union it only rose by a little over 39%. This resulted in a productivity gap of around 21 percentage points over the 30-year period. The gap between the US and Europe began to widen significantly after 2003, with the US pulling ahead due to efficiency gains in information and communication technologies (ICT). The gap further widened after the global financial crisis in 2009, as US productivity surged while European productivity declined.
From 2011 onwards, the productivity gap began to narrow again as US growth slowed. By 2019, US productivity was less than 12 percentage points higher than in Europe compared to 1995. However, the productivity gap widened significantly in the last five years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s attack on Ukraine. Four main factors drove this recent divergence, including structural impediments weighing on European productivity, a productivity boost in the US during the pandemic, an adverse terms-of-trade shock for energy-dependent Europe due to Russia’s attack on Ukraine, and more expansionary fiscal policy in the US compared to Europe.
### 3 Standard of living: better than expected
Ultimately, productivity is a means to an end – a higher standard of living. A higher standard of living is the ultimate goal of increased productivity. Despite the widening productivity gap between the US and Europe in recent years, the standard of living in Europe has been better than expected. Europe must address the persistent trends and recent shocks affecting its productivity to ensure a high standard of living for its citizens.
In conclusion, investing in Europe’s productivity is crucial to improving its standard of living and addressing the challenges facing the continent. By understanding the factors driving the productivity gap and implementing strategies to boost productivity, Europe can pave the way for a more prosperous future. Thank you. How has the standard of living in Europe compared to the United States changed in the last thirty years, considering the modest productivity growth that might suggest Europe falling behind? It is important to note that individual well-being is influenced by factors beyond GDP, such as social security, health, and equality. When looking at real GDP per capita growth instead of per hour worked, the gap between the United States and Europe is less than half of the productivity gap. Despite lower growth in labor productivity, Europe managed to activate untapped labor reserves, leading to an increase in labor input to compensate for the difference.
To compare the standard of living between the United States and Europe accurately, adjustments for price level differences are necessary. Purchasing power parities are commonly used for this purpose, but they come with statistical challenges due to differences in the basket of goods and services used for calculations. However, when considering price level differences, Europe’s standard of living relative to the United States has not declined as much as suggested by unadjusted figures.
To improve the standard of living for future generations in Europe, boosting productivity growth is essential. Long-term policy measures are needed to address factors contributing to Europe’s productivity gap, such as fiscal constraints and access to energy. Embracing the digital transformation and focusing on innovation at the firm level can help bridge the gap with the United States. Simplifying and harmonizing regulations in the European Union, improving access to equity market financing, and supporting innovative start-ups are crucial steps towards enhancing productivity growth in Europe. Europe needs to focus on two key areas to boost productivity and economic growth. Firstly, there is a need to build the necessary infrastructure to deepen and integrate venture capital markets. Additionally, encouraging institutional investors to invest more in venture capital is crucial.
Moreover, medium-sized and large companies in Europe require deeper and more integrated capital markets. The current fragmentation and underdevelopment of Europe’s capital markets hinder companies from raising the necessary funds to grow.
While important European initiatives are already underway, it is essential to implement them swiftly and ambitiously. These initiatives should be reinforced with targeted national policies to realize their full potential.
In conclusion, Europe must address its productivity gap with the United States by implementing policy measures to boost productivity growth and restart the convergence process. Despite facing major challenges, Europe can turn them into opportunities for progress. Thank you for your attention. Please paraphrase this sentence. Please rewrite this sentence.
QUELLEN
