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1 Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen,
Thank you all for your interest in the topic of growth potential.
Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is to change it.
This quote by Karl Marx hangs on display in the foyer of the main building at Humboldt University. And, although the right formula for boosting growth in Germany is not necessarily to be found in Marx’s ideas, his quote provides good motivation for my speech today.
Many people have already offered their interpretations of the current economic situation. Growth potential in Germany now amounts to just 0.4 % per year. That’s one percentage point lower than over the past decade and currently more than one percentage point lower than in the EU excluding Germany.[1] Many people have made suggestions with regard to which economic policy measures the incoming Federal Government should take in order to boost growth.
As President of the Bundesbank and a member of the ECB Governing Council, European monetary policy is my main task. We have now made a great deal of progress on the path towards price stability. It was therefore appropriate that the ECB Governing Council lowered the key interest rates by 25 basis points at its meeting in March.
However, legislators have also tasked the Bundesbank with advising the Federal Government on matters relating to monetary policy. I am here to fulfil this advisory role with regard to the future Federal Government.
To be clear upfront – my speech today will not address defence policy, even if there is an unmistakable need for action. Personally, I believe that exceptional times call for exceptional measures. And I think that we are currently living through exceptional times in Germany. Europe, too, is drawing closer together in the face of this and other challenges. And that is as it should be.
Nor will my speech be explicitly about scope for borrowing. In this context, however, I would like to stress that exceptional times justify exceptional fiscal measures, too. Last week, the Bundesbank presented detailed proposals on potential ways of reforming the debt brake in a stability-oriented manner and enabling greater investment.[2] This week, the Bundestag will debate motions to amend Germany’s Basic Law (Grundgesetz). These envisage considerable additional scope for borrowing that extends far beyond that proposed by the Bundesbank. This year, the new Bundestag is set to discuss a fundamental reform of the debt brake. I think our proposals can make a meaningful contribution to this.
From a monetary policy perspective, it is crucial to overcome future challenges and, at the same time, maintain sound public finances – both in Germany and in Europe. And greater scope for borrowing alone will not remedy Germany’s weak growth. Its causes are complex and more deeply rooted than that. They therefore require an entire package of measures – many of which do not focus specifically on funding at all.
In my speech today, I would like to address what I see as the twelve most important areas in which economic policymakers should make adjustments to put Germany on a structurally higher path of growth. These twelve areas concern three major sets of topics – labour, energy, and business dynamism. For each set of topics, I would like to examine four points: for an increased supply of labour, for the necessary transition towards net zero, and for a more dynamic corporate sector.[3]
2 Increasing the labour supply
Let us turn to the topic of labour. Demographic change means that workers are in ever shorter supply in Germany. The baby boomers of the 1960s are entering retirement and the number of working-age persons is in decline. This diminishes our growth potential. To ensure our prosperity, we need more people to work and more part-time employees to work longer hours. Four starting points would help to increase the supply of labour in Germany.
2.1 Increasing the working hours of part-time employees
First, part-time employees could work more hours per week. This would affect women in particular. Although labour force participation among women in Germany is slightly above the European average, women in Germany work far fewer hours per week than the German average.
One reason for this is disincentives in the tax and social security contributions system.[4] Certain regulations often mean that working more is not particularly attractive. Some examples are non-contributory inclusion in the statutory health and long-term care insurance schemes or special tax rules for those with low income in particular.
In addition, people often want to work more hours per week but are unable to do so. Despite all the efforts made by the federal states, there is a gap between demand for childcare places and the actual number of children in childcare. According to the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, in 2022, there was a shortfall of 321,000 childcare places for children under the age of three alone. In addition, there was insufficient childcare for 5 % of kindergarten children aged three and above and 21 % of primary school children.
Better care for both children and other dependents may therefore pave the way for increasing the hours worked by part-time employees.
2.2 Encouraging labour market-oriented migration
Second, labour market-oriented migration should therefore be encouraged. After revising the Skilled Immigration Act (Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz) in 2024, Germany now has comparatively liberal immigration law for skilled workers from third countries. However, cooperation between authorities is lacking. And some bureaucratic hurdles are extremely difficult for immigrants to overcome.
Visas need to be issued faster. Recognition of professional qualifications should be easier and cheaper for applicants.
It would be ideal for qualified individuals interested in migrating to Germany, along with their families, to have a single point of contact to assist them through the complex regulatory processes. This would require centralizing and digitalizing the current scattered procedures spread across various authorities.
Furthermore, it is crucial for skilled workers to have the opportunity to settle permanently in Germany once they have joined the labor market. Enhancing labor market integration and making it more appealing to remain in the workforce is essential for successful immigration of skilled workers, regardless of how long they have been in the country.
Measures to support this could include offering more language courses, granting third-country dependents the right to remain for better planning certainty, and combating xenophobia to uphold our shared humanity. Discrimination and exclusion are not only morally wrong but also economically costly for Germany.
In addition, increasing incentives for recipients of the civic allowance to work and strengthening incentives for older individuals to remain in the workforce are important considerations. Reinstating previous rules related to grace periods, protected assets, breaches of obligations, and failures to report can help integrate more civic allowance recipients into the labor market. Making early retirement less attractive by adjusting pension deductions and linking retirement age to life expectancy can incentivize older workers to continue working, thus expanding the labor force and supporting economic growth.
Lastly, transforming the energy sector to support the climate and economy is crucial. Standardizing carbon pricing across all sectors can lead to efficiency gains and incentivize the production of less carbon-intensive goods and services. Advocating for carbon pricing at the EU and international levels can ensure cost-effective savings and contribute to achieving net zero emissions by 2045 in Germany. If carbon emissions can be reduced at low cost in one sector, but only at high cost in another, a standardised carbon price would ensure that the cheapest reductions are implemented first. This would also incentivize the use of green technologies and enhance energy efficiency in production. Targeted support for research and development could further align carbon pricing with economic activity and maximize productivity in green technology.
Politicians play a crucial role in establishing a reliable and coherent framework for the energy transition, which is essential for its success due to the long planning horizon and significant investment involved. They must outline how domestic renewable energy and imported energy will be integrated in the future to address potential energy supply shortages, especially during periods of low wind and sunlight. Expanding energy infrastructure, including networks, reserve power plants, and storage capacities, is key and should be supported by appropriate incentives. Simplifying planning and approval procedures, as well as creating economic incentives for better alignment of supply and demand for electricity, are also important steps to support the growing use of electricity in the economy.
Furthermore, environmentally harmful subsidies should be abolished to align with carbon pricing incentives and free up financial resources. Strengthening the integration of European energy markets is crucial to balancing supply and demand and reducing the need for reserve power plants, given the complementary electricity production profiles across Europe.
To increase business dynamism, reducing bureaucracy and regulations, facilitating start-ups, and promoting innovative power are vital. By streamlining regulations, implementing EU rules sparingly, and fostering closer interaction between authorities and the economy, the burden of compliance can be minimized. Additionally, making it easier to start new businesses and enhancing innovative power will help boost business dynamism and drive economic growth. Over half of company founders face challenges with bureaucratic hurdles and delays. To address this issue, potential entrepreneurs should have access to a «one-stop shop» to assist with all aspects of starting a business. It is essential to remove unnecessary obstacles and create a supportive environment for innovative start-ups to thrive. By enhancing the European single market and promoting easier cross-border economic activity, businesses can benefit from larger markets and increased funding opportunities. Additionally, focusing on research grants and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence can drive innovation and attract top talent. By simplifying administrative processes and providing tax relief for businesses, we can further support research and development efforts and encourage investment in the economy. Ultimately, by creating a conducive environment for start-ups and fostering growth, we can pave the way for a more dynamic and innovative business landscape in Europe. In an OECD study, Germany was ranked 36 out of 38 in terms of the percentage of fiber connections, which are crucial for firms’ competitiveness and innovation. The Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation emphasized the need for rapid expansion of the fiber optic network, especially in rural areas.
Overall, there are numerous opportunities for improvement to enhance business dynamism. The new Federal Government can make adjustments in various areas to stimulate economic growth without putting a strain on the budget. However, some changes may require investments, and it is essential to prioritize reforms that strengthen potential growth and competitiveness over special interests.
European integration, particularly through closer cooperation between Germany and France, is crucial for enhancing competitiveness in the region. Completing the European banking union and capital markets union will help boost financial resources and promote effective economic deployment.
In conclusion, smart and reliable economic policies can pave the way for progress in the face of political and economic challenges. By leveraging its strengths and fostering European integration, Germany can continue to move forward and contribute to a stronger, united Europe. (2024), The Dovish Turnaround: Germany’s Social Benefit Reform and Job Findings, IAB Discussion Paper 07/2024.
It is challenging to determine the effectiveness of providing additional financial incentives for working beyond retirement age.
For more information on the long-term outlook of the statutory pension insurance scheme, refer to the reports by Deutsche Bundesbank in 2019 and 2022.
The Climate Action Act (Klimaschutzgesetz) by the German Federal Government in 2024 addresses climate change issues.
The transition to climate-neutral technologies requires significant investment, as analyzed by the German Council of Experts on Climate Change in their Biennial Expertise 2024.
Carbon pricing systems in Germany are structured differently for various sectors, with plans for future integration under the EU emissions trading system.
To achieve emission targets, politicians must set a high carbon price for housing and transportation.
Energy suppliers in Germany are mandated to offer dynamic pricing models starting in 2025, requiring smart meters for implementation.
Efforts to integrate European energy markets include pan-European auctions and simplification of transmission rights acquisition.
Reports on investment development in Germany, euro area productivity growth, and corporate sector dynamism are available from various sources.
Challenges faced by firms in Germany include high levels of regulation and bureaucracy, hindering investment according to surveys.
Efforts to reduce bureaucracy, boost digital administration, and support start-up activity are highlighted in reports and studies.
Research on productivity weaknesses in Europe and recommendations for innovation policy reforms are discussed by experts in various publications.
Reports on the Franco-German revival, banking union, and innovation policy reforms offer insights into economic challenges and potential solutions.
The EFI–Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation provides a comprehensive report on research, innovation, and technological performance in Germany. Roventini (2023), Finanziert öffentliche Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) private F&E-Investitionen? Beweise aus den Rüstungsausgaben für F&E der US-Bundesstaaten, Forschungspolitik, 52 (8). Siehe Moretti, E., C. Steinwender und J. Van Reenen (2025), Der intellektuelle Kriegsbeute? Verteidigungsforschung und -produktivität, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 107 (1). Siehe Spengel, C., J. Heckemeyer, K. Nicolay, J. Gaul, H. Gundert, J. Spix, D. Steinbrenner, S. Weck und S. Wickel (2025), Mannheim Tax Index Update 2024 – Effektive Steuersätze unter Verwendung der Devereux/Griffith-Methodik, MannheimTaxation Project. Siehe Bundesministerium der Finanzen (2024), Besteuerung der Unternehmen: einfacher und effizienter, Abschlussbericht, Expertenkommission «Vereinfachte Unternehmenssteuer». Siehe IMD (2024), IMD World Competitiveness Ranking 2024. Siehe OECD Breitbandstatistiken, Prozentsatz der Glasfaseranschlüsse am Gesamtbreitband. Siehe EFI – Kommission der Experten für Forschung und Innovation (2025), Bericht über Forschung, Innovation und technologische Leistungsfähigkeit in Deutschland 2025. Despite the efforts of federal states, there remains a gap between the demand for childcare places and the actual number of children in childcare. In 2022, the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs reported a shortfall of 321,000 childcare places for children under three years old. Additionally, 5% of kindergarten children aged three and above and 21% of primary school children lacked sufficient childcare. This highlights the need for better care for children and dependents to increase the hours worked by part-time employees.
However, the childcare and long-term care sectors are already facing staffing shortages, emphasizing the necessity of foreign worker immigration. Encouraging labour market-oriented migration is crucial, with the revised Skilled Immigration Act in 2024 providing more liberal immigration laws for skilled workers from third countries. Simplifying visa issuance, professional qualification recognition, and centralizing support services for immigrants are essential steps to attract and retain skilled workers in Germany.
Incentives to work for recipients of the civic allowance should be increased to integrate more individuals into the labor market. Reinstating previous rules regarding grace periods and protected assets can help transition civic allowance recipients into employment. Furthermore, strengthening incentives for older workers, such as making early retirement less attractive and linking retirement age to life expectancy, can expand the labor force and support economic growth.
Transforming the energy sector to support both the climate and the economy is crucial for achieving net zero emissions by 2045. Applying standardized carbon pricing to all sectors can help factor in environmentally harmful emissions into goods and services, promoting sustainability and efficiency in the transition to clean energy. The carbon price impacts both demand and supply. It makes carbon-intensive goods more expensive, influencing demand, while incentivizing the production of less carbon-intensive products, affecting supply. However, current carbon pricing varies across sectors, and standardizing it could lead to efficiency gains. Standardized carbon prices at the EU level, advocated by Germany, can ensure that cost-effective emission reductions are prioritized. Additionally, carbon pricing promotes the use of green technologies and energy efficiency.
Creating a reliable framework for the energy transition is crucial for its success. Policymakers must outline how domestic and imported renewable energy sources will work together, especially during periods of low wind and sunlight. Expanding energy infrastructure and incentivizing reserve power plants are essential for ensuring a reliable energy supply. Simplifying planning and approval procedures and aligning supply and demand for electricity can further support the transition to green technology.
Abolishing environmentally harmful subsidies is necessary to align with carbon pricing goals, as they encourage fossil fuel consumption and drain financial resources. Strengthening the integration of European energy markets can optimize electricity production and reduce the need for reserve power plants.
Increasing business dynamism in Germany requires reducing bureaucracy to encourage investment and innovation. Reviewing and streamlining regulations and implementing EU rules efficiently can ease the burden on businesses and promote economic growth. Applying additional regulations at the national level by gold plating EU rules is a way to cut red tape and improve efficiency. It is important for authorities to collaborate more closely with each other and with the economy to streamline processes. By creating a «one-stop shop» for starting businesses and removing unnecessary obstacles, we can boost business dynamism and innovative power. Deepening the EU single market and fostering cross-border economic activity are crucial for growth and competitiveness. Additionally, granting tax relief and simplifying administrative processes can further support research and development and encourage investment in the economy. Another benefit of setting rules on the maximum period before a decision must be issued is that it provides more planning certainty for applicants. By linking these rules to simplified indemnities for missing deadlines, the relevant incentives can be created.
Furthermore, accelerated planning and approval procedures would help the government to modernize its infrastructure more rapidly. Germany’s infrastructure has been facing increasing criticism, evident to anyone who has traveled on the country’s roads or taken a train.
The search for high-speed internet in Germany is also challenging, as highlighted in an OECD study where Germany ranked 36 out of 38 in terms of fiber connections. However, fiber connections are crucial for firms’ competitiveness and innovative capacity, as emphasized by the Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation in their latest report.
In conclusion, there are numerous opportunities to improve business dynamism by making it easier to open doors for growth. The formation of a new government is progressing rapidly, and it is crucial to address key challenges such as defense, infrastructure, reducing bureaucracy, improving public services, and mobilizing employment.
It is essential to prioritize sustainable funding through the budget over excessive debt, ensuring that new borrowing is directed towards new investments. By strengthening potential growth and competitiveness, policymakers can set the framework for change needed to address the major challenges facing Germany today.
Germany’s position at the heart of Europe offers great potential for closer collaboration within the European Union, particularly with France. Reviving and fostering Franco-German dialogue can lead to decisive strides forward in European integration, ultimately benefiting both countries and the EU as a whole.
Thank you for your attention. Another complicating factor is the insufficient availability and reliability of childcare services in some cases. This issue can hinder women from increasing their working hours or working at all. Additionally, the exclusion of seasonal workers from certain policies can also impact labor market outcomes. It is challenging to determine the effectiveness of financial incentives for working beyond retirement age. The transition to climate-neutral technologies requires significant investment, with varying levels of funding needed depending on the circumstances. The structure of carbon pricing in Germany is organized into different systems, which may affect emission targets. The integration of European energy markets requires specific measures, such as pan-European auctions and simplified acquisition of transmission rights. Various reports and studies highlight the need for improved investment conditions, reduced bureaucracy, and increased entrepreneurial activity to address economic challenges. Villeroy de Galhau (2024), Un appel commun pour une renaissance franco-allemande, Contribution d’invité publiée dans le «Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung» et «Le Monde», 22 novembre 2024.
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1 Introduction
Mesdames et messieurs,
Je vous remercie tous pour votre intérêt pour le potentiel de croissance.
Les philosophes n’ont fait qu’interpréter le monde de différentes manières ; l’essentiel est de le changer.
Cette citation de Karl Marx est affichée dans le hall du bâtiment principal de l’université Humboldt. Et, même si la bonne formule pour stimuler la croissance en Allemagne ne se trouve pas nécessairement dans les idées de Marx, sa citation constitue une bonne motivation pour mon discours d’aujourd’hui.
De nombreuses personnes ont déjà proposé leurs interprétations de la situation économique actuelle. Le potentiel de croissance en Allemagne s’élève désormais à seulement 0,4 % par an. C’est un point de pourcentage de moins que durant la décennie écoulée et actuellement plus d’un point de pourcentage de moins que dans l’UE, à l’exclusion de l’Allemagne.[1] De nombreuses personnes ont formulé des suggestions concernant les mesures de politique économique que le prochain gouvernement fédéral devrait prendre pour stimuler la croissance.
En tant que président de la Bundesbank et membre du Conseil des gouverneurs de la BCE, la politique monétaire européenne est ma principale mission. Nous avons désormais beaucoup progressé sur la voie de la stabilité des prix. Il était donc approprié que le Conseil des gouverneurs de la BCE abaisse les taux d’intérêt directeurs de 25 points de base lors de sa réunion de mars.
Cependant, les législateurs ont également chargé la Bundesbank de conseiller le gouvernement fédéral en matière de politique monétaire. Je suis ici pour remplir ce rôle de conseil en ce qui concerne le futur gouvernement fédéral.
Pour être clair dès le départ – mon discours d’aujourd’hui ne portera pas sur la politique de défense, même s’il est indéniable qu’il y a un besoin d’action. Personnellement, je crois que des temps exceptionnels exigent des mesures exceptionnelles. Et je pense que nous vivons actuellement des temps exceptionnels en Allemagne. L’Europe, elle aussi, se rapproche face à ce défi et à d’autres. Et c’est comme ça que ça devrait être.
Mon discours ne portera pas non plus explicitement sur les possibilités d’emprunt. Dans ce contexte, cependant, je tiens à souligner que des temps exceptionnels justifient également des mesures fiscales exceptionnelles. La semaine dernière, la Bundesbank a présenté des propositions détaillées sur les moyens potentiels de réformer le frein à l’endettement de manière orientée vers la stabilité et de permettre un plus grand investissement.[2] Cette semaine, le Bundestag débattra de motions visant à amender la Loi fondamentale de l’Allemagne (Grundgesetz). Celles-ci envisagent une marge de manœuvre supplémentaire considérable pour l’emprunt, bien au-delà de ce que propose la Bundesbank. Cette année, le nouveau Bundestag discutera d’une réforme fondamentale du frein à l’endettement. Je pense que nos propositions peuvent apporter une contribution significative à cela.
D’un point de vue de la politique monétaire, il est crucial de surmonter les défis futurs et, en même temps, de maintenir des finances publiques saines – tant en Allemagne qu’en Europe. Et une plus grande marge de manœuvre budgétaire seule ne remédiera pas à la faible croissance de l’Allemagne. Ses causes sont complexes et plus profondes que cela. Elles exigent donc un ensemble de mesures – dont beaucoup ne concernent pas spécifiquement le financement.
Dans mon discours d’aujourd’hui, je voudrais aborder ce que je considère comme les douze domaines les plus importants dans lesquels les décideurs économiques devraient apporter des ajustements pour placer l’Allemagne sur une voie de croissance structurellement plus élevée. Ces douze domaines concernent trois grands ensembles de sujets – le travail, l’énergie et la dynamique des entreprises. Pour chaque ensemble de sujets, je voudrais examiner quatre points : pour un accroissement de l’offre de travail, pour la transition nécessaire vers le zéro net, et pour un secteur des entreprises plus dynamique.[3]
2 Augmenter l’offre de travail
Passons au sujet du travail. Le changement démographique signifie que les travailleurs se font de plus en plus rares en Allemagne. Les baby-boomers des années 1960 prennent leur retraite et le nombre de personnes en âge de travailler est en déclin. This hinders our potential for growth. To secure our prosperity, we require more individuals to enter the workforce and for part-time employees to work longer hours. Implementing four key strategies could help boost the labor supply in Germany.
One way is to increase the number of hours worked by part-time employees, especially women. Currently, women in Germany work significantly fewer hours per week compared to the national average due to disincentives in the tax and social security systems. Addressing these issues and improving childcare options could encourage part-time employees to work more hours.
Encouraging labor market-oriented migration is another essential step. Germany has relatively liberal immigration laws for skilled workers from third countries, but bureaucratic hurdles and lack of cooperation between authorities hinder the process. Simplifying visa issuance and qualifications recognition, along with providing better integration opportunities, could attract and retain skilled workers.
Additionally, increasing incentives for recipients of civic allowances to work and strengthening incentives for older individuals to remain in the workforce can help expand the labor force. Reinstating previous rules related to civic allowance and adjusting pension deductions for early retirement could encourage more people to actively participate in the labor market.
By implementing these strategies, Germany can address its labor shortage, support economic growth, and ensure a sustainable workforce for the future. This would also alleviate the financial strain on the pension insurance scheme.
3 Transforming the energy sector to support the climate and the economy
My second set of topics focuses on the energy sector. The goal is to provide the German economy with the necessary tools to achieve net zero emissions. This is a significant challenge in terms of both timing and funding. Germany is currently aiming to reach net zero emissions by 2045, which is just two decades away.[10] Achieving this goal will require substantial investments.[11] What steps are essential for an efficient energy transition?
3.1 Implementing consistent carbon pricing across all sectors
First and foremost, all sectors should be subjected to a standardized carbon price whenever possible. Carbon pricing ensures that the costs of environmentally harmful emissions are factored into the production of goods and services. This pricing mechanism influences demand by making carbon-intensive products more expensive and encourages supply to become less carbon-intensive.
Currently, carbon pricing varies among sectors.[12] Standardizing carbon pricing would lead to significant efficiency improvements. A uniform carbon price at the EU level would also make sense. It is crucial for Germany to advocate for carbon pricing within the EU and other economic regions. A standardized carbon price ensures that emissions reductions are made where they are most cost-effective. This approach prioritizes the cheapest emissions reductions regardless of the sector.
Carbon pricing would incentivize the adoption of green technologies and promote energy-efficient production.[13] Targeted support for research and development can help align carbon pricing with economic activities and maximize the potential for productivity in green technology.
3.2 Establishing a dependable framework for the energy transition
Secondly, politicians must create a reliable and coherent framework for the energy transition. This framework is essential for the success of the energy transition due to its long planning horizon and substantial investment requirements. Politicians need to clarify how domestic renewable energy sources and imported energy will be integrated in the future. It is crucial to consider potential energy supply shortages, especially during periods of low wind and sunlight in winter.
Expanding energy infrastructure is a key component that should be supported by appropriate incentives. Our networks, reserve power plants, and storage capacities play a vital role in ensuring a consistent energy supply. Adequate remuneration for maintaining reserve power plant capacity is crucial to incentivize its development.
While planning and approval procedures have been simplified recently, further evaluation is necessary to determine if additional measures are required. Streamlining procedures could facilitate the use of overhead power lines instead of underground lines for network expansion, as they are more cost-effective.
Moreover, economic incentives should be created to better align electricity supply and demand within Germany. Flexible electricity tariffs and innovative approaches like bidirectional charging of electric cars could be effective. Flexible tariffs encourage reduced electricity consumption during peak demand periods, while bidirectional charging of electric cars can serve as a storage solution during times of surplus energy production.
Lowering Germany’s electricity tax to the European minimum rate could further support the increased use of electricity in the economy.
3.3 Eliminating environmentally harmful subsidies
Thirdly, environmentally harmful subsidies should be phased out as they undermine the incentives of carbon pricing and consume valuable financial resources.[15]
3.1 Enhancing the integration of European energy markets
Fourthly, strengthening the integration of European energy markets is crucial. Europe’s electricity production profiles complement each other to some extent, with different regions specializing in wind or solar energy. Deeper integration of the European electricity grid can enhance supply-demand balance and reduce the need for reserve power plants.[16]
4 Boosting business dynamism
Lastly, let’s focus on enhancing dynamism in the corporate sector. Germany has experienced weak business investment, declining productivity growth, and reduced business dynamism in recent years. Reversing these trends is crucial for revitalizing economic growth. Creating an environment that welcomes investment, entrepreneurship, and innovation is essential for fostering business dynamism. Currently, the doors are sticking and difficult to open, often making irritating squeaky noises. To increase dynamism, we should oil the hinges in specific areas.
Reducing bureaucracy is essential for enhancing business dynamism. It is recommended that bureaucracy should be systematically reduced rather than occasionally. Reviewing the «regulatory jungle» regularly, especially regarding documentation, reporting, and notification requirements, is crucial. Implementing EU rules sparingly and without excessive bureaucracy, as well as improving interlinking of data and offering public services from a single source, can help reduce compliance burdens.
Facilitating start-ups and strengthening innovative power is another key aspect of boosting business dynamism. Providing a centralized point for starting new businesses, eliminating unnecessary obstacles for innovative start-ups, and deepening the EU single market are important steps in this direction. Collaboration at the European level in research grants, especially in high-tech innovation like artificial intelligence, can attract international talent and drive economic growth.
Granting tax relief to firms is also crucial for increasing business dynamism. Accelerating write-offs and reducing the high tax burden on firms in Germany can incentivize investment and attract multinational corporations. However, reducing the corporation tax rate may lead to shortfalls in tax revenue, despite its potential benefits. Furthermore, it is important to consider that a simplified and streamlined corporate taxation system would be less targeted in terms of investment compared to accelerated write-offs or an investment allowance. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully weigh the pros and cons of such a system.
In Germany, simplifying and streamlining corporate taxation has been a longstanding challenge politically. Despite reasonable proposals being available for decades, they have not been implemented. A recent report by the «Simplified business tax» expert commission offers a series of proposals that deserve consideration. A new political initiative to address this issue may be beneficial.
For tax incentives to effectively stimulate investment, progress is needed in other areas as well. In Germany, lengthy planning and approval procedures often hinder the implementation of good ideas, leading to significant delays in decision-making.
Simplifying and accelerating administrative processes is essential for enhancing business dynamism. Digitalization, automation, and standardization can help streamline administrative procedures. Implementing rules that specify maximum timeframes for decisions can provide more planning certainty for applicants. Linking these rules to simplified indemnities for missed deadlines can create the necessary incentives.
Accelerating planning and approval procedures can also aid in the rapid modernization of Germany’s infrastructure, which has been facing increasing criticism. Improving infrastructure, including high-speed internet access, is crucial for enhancing firms’ competitiveness and innovative capacity.
In conclusion, addressing economic growth challenges in Germany requires a comprehensive approach. It is crucial for policymakers to prioritize sustainable funding, avoid excessive debt, and focus on strengthening potential growth and competitiveness. Collaboration between Germany and France, as well as closer integration within Europe, can help address common challenges and drive economic progress. It is valuable. Thank you for your attention. According to an ifo survey, the volume of regulation and bureaucracy in Germany is the most important barrier to investment; see von Maltzan, A. and L. Zarges (2024), Der Investitionsstandort Deutschland aus Unternehmenssicht, ifo Schnelldienst 3/2024. See National Regulatory Control Council (2024), Good legislation. Digital administration. Less bureaucracy. Harnessing momentum, boosting impact, Annual Report 2024. See Metzger, G. (2024), Start-up activity lacks macro-economic impetus – self-employed people are becoming more important as multipliers, KfW Entrepreneurship Monitor 2024, KfW Research. See Adilbish, O. E., D. A. Cerdeiro, R. A. Duval, G. H. Hong, L. Mazzone, L. Rotunno, H. H. Toprak and M. Vaziri (2025), Europe’s Productivity Weakness: Firm-Level Roots and Remedies, IMF Working Papers, WP/25/40. See also Nagel, J. and F. Villeroy de Galhau (2024), A common call for a Franco-German revival, Guest contribution published in the “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung” and “Le Monde”, 22 November 2024. On a further topic – the banking union – see Nagel, J. and N. Véron (2024), Breaking the vicious circle between banks and sovereigns for good, guest contribution published by Politico, 22 October 2024. See Fuest, C., D. Gros, P.-L. Mengel, G. Presidente and J. Tirole (2024), Reforming innovation policy to help the EU escape the middle-technology trap, VoxEU Column, 19 April 2024. See EFI– Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (2024), Report on Research, Innovation and Technological Performance in Germany 2024. See Pallante, G., E. Russo and A. Roventini (2023), Does public R&D funding crowd-in private R&D investment? Evidence from military R&D expenditures for US states, Research Policy, 52 (8). See Moretti, E., C. Steinwender and J. Van Reenen (2025), The Intellectual Spoils of War? Defense R&D, Productivity, and International Spillovers, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 107 (1). See Spengel, C., J. Heckemeyer, K. Nicolay, J. Gaul, H. Gundert, J. Spix, D. Steinbrenner, S. Weck and S. Wickel (2025), Mannheim Tax Index Update 2024 – Effective Tax Levels using the Devereux/Griffith Methodology, MannheimTaxation Project. See Federal Ministry of Finances (2024), Besteuerung der Unternehmen: einfacher und effizienter, Final report, “Vereinfachte Unternehmenssteuer” expert commission. See IMD (2024), 2024 IMD World Competitiveness Ranking. See OECD Broadband Statistics, Percentage of fibre connections in total broadband. See EFI– Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (2025), Report on Research, Innovation and Technological Performance in Germany 2025. Please rewrite this sentence. Please rewrite the following sentence:
«The cat sat lazily on the windowsill, basking in the warm sunlight streaming through the glass.»
«The lazy cat lounged on the windowsill, enjoying the sun’s warmth shining through the window.» Please rephrase this sentence.
QUELLEN