The following speech is provided for reference purposes.
Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen,
There is a phrase many of us have heard in recent years: “There is no glory in prevention.” We experienced this very clearly during the pandemic. As long as systems function, they remain largely invisible. Only when they fail does their importance become apparent. The same is true for payments. In everyday life, payments are expected to work seamlessly, reliably, and without interruption. But recent events have reminded us that this reliability cannot be taken for granted.
Disruptions to critical infrastructure, such as large-scale power outages, can quickly affect the ability to make payments. In such situations, the question is no longer about convenience. It is about whether payments can be made at all.
Resilience is not about efficiency in normal times; it is about functionality in exceptional times. In the euro area, resilience is not built on a single instrument. It is built on complementarity. Cash plays a central role as a physical form of central bank money – robust and widely accessible.
At the same time, payments are becoming increasingly digital. This raises an important question: How do we ensure resilience in a world where digital payments are gaining importance?
This is where the digital euro comes into the picture – not as a replacement for cash, but as a complementary form of public money in the digital space. Today, I would like to explore this from three perspectives:
- the role of cash as a proven anchor of resilience,
- how the digital euro can contribute in a digital environment,
- and where we stand in terms of policy and implementation.
What is resilience in payments?
Ladies and gentlemen,
Before we discuss specific instruments, it is worth asking: What do we actually mean by resilience in payments? At its core, resilience in payments means one thing: People must be able to make payments – even when conditions are far from ideal. This concept includes three key elements:
- Availability: Payments must be possible when people need them, not only in normal times but also under stress.
- Robustness: Systems must be able to withstand disruptions, whether caused by technical failures, cyber incidents, or interruptions to critical infrastructure.
- Redundancy: There must be alternative ways to make payments if one channel is no longer available.
These elements are closely interconnected. In practice, resilience is not about preventing all disruptions, but about ensuring that the system as a whole continues to function when disruptions occur. Recent years have shown how quickly disruptions can affect interconnected systems: cyber incidents targeting financial institutions, outages of payment service providers, and failures of basic infrastructure such as electricity or telecommunications.
This is why resilience in payments cannot rely on a single solution. It requires a layered and diversified system with different instruments that complement each other and compensate for potential weaknesses. And in the euro area, one of the most important pillars of resilience has proven its value time and again. It is neither new nor digital, but especially in times of crisis it remains essential. I am referring, of course, to cash.
Cash as a proven anchor of resilience
Ladies and Gentlemen,
To better understand the role of resilience in payments, it is helpful to briefly reflect on how stability has been ensured in monetary systems over time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the well-known financier J.P. Morgan famously said: “Gold is money. Everything else is credit.” At that time, the classical gold standard was still in full effect. Historically, gold played a central role as an anchor of trust and stability. Under the gold standard, currencies were tied to gold, and paper money could be exchanged for physical gold at any time. This system provided a high degree of security – even in times of crisis.
However, gold still serves as a safe haven in uncertain times, as recent price developments show. But all gold standards ultimately failed, due to a simple problem: the supply of gold could not keep pace with the growing demand for money, especially during crises and wars. As a result, the system broke down, most recently in the Bretton Woods system in 1971. The gold standard had to give way to a new concept, which also serves as a resilience anchor in crises today: central bank money, the foundation of our monetary system.
For the general public, cash is the only form of central bank money that is directly accessible and usable in everyday life. This gives cash several key properties that make it a cornerstone of resilience in payments:
- No credit risk: Cash is issued by the central bank and is therefore considered especially safe and trustworthy, particularly in uncertain times.
- Independence from digital infrastructure: Cash can be used without relying on networks or electricity, making it valuable when digital systems are disrupted.
- Privacy: Cash payments do not leave digital traces, which remains important for many citizens.
- Inclusivity: Cash is accessible to everyone, including those without access to digital services.
Taken together, these features make cash a uniquely robust form of payment and explain why it continues to play a central role in ensuring resilience – especially in times of crisis. For us central banks, however, this raises two special questions that I would like to address in more detail today:
- How important is cash as a safe haven in times of heightened uncertainty?
- How can the permanent availability of cash be guaranteed, especially in crisis situations?
To address the first question, it is helpful to consider econometric studies aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of banknote circulation. Indeed, evidence from empirical research reveals that demand for cash in Germany and the Euro area rose significantly during episodes of uncertainty, such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Interestingly, this pattern is not limited to the euro area. International studies by the Bundesbank – covering 16 selected countries and currency areas worldwide – have found that, between 1990 and 2022, cash demand increased in most countries – even as the use of cash for everyday transactions declined. This so-called “banknote paradox” is largely driven by crisis events, which significantly increase precautionary cash hoarding.
As a result, cash continues to be a trusted store of value globally, even during times of uncertainty.
Moving on to the second question of ensuring a secure cash supply in times of crisis, it is important to note that cash can only fulfill this role if it is consistently available. Resilience depends not only on the properties of cash itself but also on a robust cash infrastructure, with central banks playing a crucial role in this regard. The ECB and Eurosystem central banks prioritize ensuring that cash remains accessible and accepted at all times as part of their cash strategy.
In Germany, the Bundesbank has aligned its strategic priorities to ensure a secure and sustainable cash supply, implementing forward-looking measures to address potential crises and emergencies. The Bundesbank conducts systematic scenario analyses to evaluate the impact of crises on its branches and the cash cycle, leveraging its nationwide branch network for enhanced resilience.
The Bundesbank’s modernization of its branch network enhances the efficiency of the cash system, with strategically located branches optimizing access for cash handlers, especially during crises. The dense infrastructure of cash access points in Germany, including ATMs and bank branches, ensures that the majority of the population has practical and everyday access to cash.
Collaboration among various actors, including central banks, commercial banks, cash-in-transit companies, retailers, and ATM operators, forms a robust network that facilitates the continuous circulation and availability of cash. Effective coordination and communication among these stakeholders are crucial, particularly during crises, with initiatives like the BASIC framework strengthening the resilience of cash systems nationally and internationally.
In summary, ensuring the reliability of cash as a payment method, especially during crises, requires a strong infrastructure and close cooperation among central banks, policymakers, and private sector actors. Cash has consistently proven itself as a resilient anchor in the payment system.
In a digital world where payment habits are evolving, the importance of resilience in digital payments is emphasized. While digital payments offer benefits, disruptions in infrastructure can impact their functionality. The digital euro is being developed to complement cash and extend the role of public money into the digital realm, with resilience as a key design principle.
The digital euro will feature offline functionality, high availability, European infrastructure, and integration with existing systems to ensure its resilience in digital payments. This approach aims to provide central bank money for everyday digital transactions while maintaining the availability of public money in a rapidly digitizing world. This ensures continuity with existing relationships and infrastructures, rather than replacing them. The digital euro would also enhance the resilience of the euro and the euro area against competing currencies and stablecoins by reinforcing the anchoring function of central bank money and supporting trust in the euro as a means of payment. It is important to note that the digital euro is not intended to be the sole solution for resilience in payments, but rather part of a broader ecosystem that includes cash and private payment solutions. Both cash and the digital euro should be seen as complementary pillars of a resilient payment system, with cash providing robustness through its physical nature and the digital euro ensuring resilience in the digital sphere. Together, they can help ensure that the payment system remains functional across a wide range of scenarios. Resilience in payments requires collaboration between policymakers, central banks, and the private sector, with each playing a crucial role in establishing a reliable and resilient system. Thank you.
- Abschlussrede
- Nachfrage nach Banknoten in Krisen aus internationaler Perspektive | Publikationen der Bundesbank
- Cf.: Das Paradoxon von Banknoten: Das Verständnis der Nachfrage nach Bargeld über den transaktionalen Gebrauch hinaus
- Startseite – Bundesbank-Bunker
- Die sogenannte Ersatzserie „BBk II“.
- Deutsche Bundesbank (2025), Zugang zu Bargeld in Deutschland, Monatsbericht, März 2025
- Ein Sicherheitskonzept zur Stärkung der Resilienz der Bargeldversorgung in Not- und Krisenfällen – BIGS Potsdam
Research findings indicate that the demand for cash in Germany and the Euro area increased significantly during times of uncertainty, such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend is not unique to the Euro area, as studies conducted by the Bundesbank across 16 countries and currency areas globally have shown a rise in cash demand despite a decline in everyday cash transactions. This phenomenon, known as the «banknote paradox,» is primarily driven by crisis events that lead to precautionary cash hoarding. Thus, cash continues to serve as a trusted store of value internationally, especially in times of uncertainty.
To ensure a secure supply of cash during crises, it is crucial that cash remains readily available. This resilience depends not only on the properties of cash but also on a robust cash infrastructure. Central banks, including the ECB and the Eurosystem central banks, play a crucial role in ensuring that cash remains accessible and accepted at all times. In Germany, the Bundesbank has aligned its strategic priorities to ensure a sustainable supply of cash as a core product, implementing forward-looking measures to maintain an adequate cash supply during emergencies.
The Bundesbank conducts systematic scenario analyses to assess the impact of potential crises on its branches and the cash cycle, leveraging its nationwide network of branches for enhanced resilience. The modernization of the branch network improves the efficiency of the cash system, optimizing access for cash handlers, particularly during crises. The cooperation of various actors, including commercial banks, cash-in-transit companies, and ATM operators, forms a robust network that ensures the continuous circulation and availability of cash.
In summary, strong infrastructure and effective coordination between central banks, policymakers, and private sector actors are essential to ensure that cash remains a reliable means of payment, especially during crises. While digital payments are becoming increasingly prevalent, the role of cash remains vital in ensuring resilience in the payment system. The development of the digital euro as a form of central bank money for digital payments complements cash and extends the role of public money into the digital age, with resilience being a central design principle for this digital currency. This is crucial, especially in situations where digital infrastructure is temporarily unavailable, although it does have technical limitations that need to be carefully managed. The infrastructure for the digital euro is designed to be highly available, operating 24/7 to meet the demand for payments at any time. It will be based on European infrastructure provided by the Eurosystem, with additional components developed by private entities within the EU to reduce dependencies and maintain control over key payment functions. The digital euro will integrate with existing systems through supervised intermediaries like banks and payment service providers, ensuring continuity and complementing the current infrastructure rather than replacing it. The digital euro aims to strengthen the resilience of the euro against competing currencies and stablecoins by reinforcing the anchoring function of central bank money and maintaining trust in the euro as a payment method. It will not be the sole solution for payment resilience but will be part of a broader ecosystem alongside cash and private payment solutions. Cash and the digital euro should be seen as complementary pillars of a resilient payment system, with cash providing physical robustness and the digital euro ensuring resilience in the digital sphere. The digital euro is not expected to be implemented before 2029, allowing for thorough preparation, testing, and completion of the legislative process. The efforts to strengthen cash, prepare for the digital euro, and develop the regulatory framework are investments in a reliable payment system that people can depend on in various circumstances.
Cash serves as a tangible anchor of resilience in the payment system. It is widely accepted and trusted by the public, providing a reliable means of exchange even in times of crisis. The physical nature of cash ensures its availability, as it does not rely on electronic systems that may be vulnerable to disruptions. Cash is robust, withstanding technical failures or cyber incidents that may affect digital payment methods. Additionally, cash offers redundancy in the payment system, providing an alternative means of payment if digital channels are unavailable.
In times of crisis, such as large-scale power outages or cyber attacks, cash remains a vital tool for ensuring that payments can still be made. Its resilience lies in its simplicity and universality, making it accessible to all segments of society. Cash is a proven anchor of stability in the payment system, guaranteeing that transactions can continue even when other forms of payment may be disrupted.
4 The role of the digital euro in enhancing resilience
As digital payments become increasingly prevalent, the role of cash in ensuring resilience must be complemented by digital solutions. The digital euro represents a new form of central bank money that can enhance the resilience of the payment system in a digital environment. While cash remains essential, the digital euro offers additional benefits that can strengthen the overall resilience of the payment system.
The digital euro provides a secure and efficient means of making electronic payments, offering convenience and accessibility to users. It can coexist alongside cash, providing a complementary form of central bank money that meets the needs of an increasingly digital economy. By offering a digital alternative to cash, the digital euro enhances the redundancy of the payment system, ensuring that multiple means of payment are available to users.
In times of crisis, the digital euro can play a crucial role in maintaining the continuity of payments. Its digital nature allows for seamless transactions even when physical access to cash may be limited. The digital euro can provide a resilient payment option that complements the existing cash infrastructure, enhancing the overall stability of the payment system.
5 Policy and implementation of the digital euro
The introduction of the digital euro requires careful consideration of policy and implementation issues. Central banks must ensure that the digital euro is designed and implemented in a way that enhances the resilience of the payment system while maintaining the trust and confidence of users. Policy decisions regarding the issuance, distribution, and security of the digital euro will be crucial in shaping its role in the payment ecosystem.
Implementation of the digital euro will require collaboration between central banks, financial institutions, and technology providers to ensure a seamless transition to digital payments. Safeguards must be put in place to protect the security and privacy of digital transactions, maintaining the integrity of the payment system. Central banks must also consider the interoperability of the digital euro with existing payment systems to ensure a smooth integration into the financial infrastructure.
Overall, the policy and implementation of the digital euro will be key in determining its success as a resilient payment solution. By carefully addressing these issues, central banks can ensure that the digital euro enhances the overall resilience of the payment system, providing a secure and reliable means of making transactions in an increasingly digital world.
Conclusion
In conclusion, resilience in payments is essential for ensuring the stability and continuity of the payment system, particularly in times of crisis. Cash has long served as a reliable anchor of resilience, providing a tangible and widely accepted form of central bank money. The digital euro offers new opportunities to enhance the resilience of the payment system, providing a secure and efficient means of making digital payments. By carefully considering policy and implementation issues, central banks can ensure that the digital euro complements cash as a resilient payment option, strengthening the overall stability of the payment system.
Thank you for your attention.
Cash possesses several key properties that make it a cornerstone of resilience in payments. These include no credit risk, independence from digital infrastructure, privacy, and inclusivity. Cash is issued by the central bank, making it safe and trustworthy, especially in uncertain times. It can be used without relying on networks or electricity, making it valuable during disruptions to digital systems. Cash payments do not leave digital traces, preserving privacy for many individuals. Additionally, cash is accessible to everyone, including those without access to digital services.
Together, these features make cash a robust form of payment, particularly in times of crisis. Central banks play a crucial role in ensuring the availability and acceptance of cash at all times. This involves strategic planning and measures to guarantee a secure supply of cash, especially during emergencies. The Bundesbank in Germany conducts scenario analyses to assess potential crises’ impact and has a network of branches to enhance overall resilience. The modernization of the branch network improves the efficiency of the cash system.
The cash supply system in Germany involves the cooperation of various stakeholders, including commercial banks, cash-in-transit companies, retailers, and ATM operators. This decentralized structure increases resilience by allowing for compensation during disruptions. Effective coordination and communication among these stakeholders are essential, particularly in times of crisis. Collaborative efforts, such as the BASIC initiative, aim to enhance the resilience of cash systems nationally and internationally.
In conclusion, ensuring the reliability of cash as a payment method in times of crisis requires strong infrastructure and cooperation between central banks, policymakers, and private sector actors. While digital payments are becoming more prevalent, the value of cash as a resilient anchor in the payment system remains evident. Resilience in a digital world requires thoughtful design and the interplay between different forms of money. Cash will continue to be essential in the payment landscape, but with the shift towards digital transactions, it is crucial to have public money available in the digital realm. This is where the digital euro comes in.
The digital euro is designed to provide resilience in payments by ensuring that central bank money can still be used in a digital world. It is not meant to replace cash, but rather to complement it and extend the role of public money into the digital age. The digital euro is being developed with key features such as offline functionality, high availability, European infrastructure, and integration with existing systems to ensure its resilience.
By introducing the digital euro, the euro and the euro area can strengthen their resilience against competing currencies and stablecoins, while also supporting trust in the euro as a means of payment. It will be part of a broader ecosystem that includes cash and private payment solutions, working together to provide reliable options for everyday payments.
The policy and implementation of the digital euro are being developed through the Single Currency Package in the euro area, which focuses on establishing a legal framework for the digital euro and safeguarding the role of cash. Progress has been made in the legislative process, and technical preparations are advancing towards a pilot phase to test the digital euro in real-life conditions.
In conclusion, resilience in payments is achieved through a comprehensive system that includes both cash and digital money. The digital euro, along with cash, will play a crucial role in ensuring that people have access to reliable public money for their daily transactions, both now and in the future. Cash and the digital euro are two crucial components of a strong payment system that work together. Collaboration is essential for resilience to be achieved. Policymakers, central banks, and the private sector all play a role in establishing stability, infrastructure, and innovation to ensure the system functions effectively. Investing in strengthening cash, preparing for the digital euro, and developing regulations are all important steps towards building a reliable payment system for the future. Being prepared is valuable, even if it may not always receive the recognition it deserves. Thank you very much. Please rewrite the text to make it more clear and concise.
QUELLEN
