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1 Introduction
Dear participants of the Monetary Workshop, esteemed ladies and gentlemen,
I am thrilled to be here with you today. Looking at the agenda, I can see that you have been engaging in lively discussions about Germany’s reorientation from various perspectives.
The workshop’s title, questioning if Germany’s economic model is in trouble, may be a bit exaggerated. However, it is evident that the German economy is facing significant challenges. Today, I would like to discuss these challenges and potential solutions with you.
2 German economic growth under pressure
Before delving into solutions, let’s first assess the current situation. Germany has experienced weak economic growth in recent years, with the growth engine starting to sputter by the end of the 2010s.
One major factor contributing to this is the loss of competitiveness of German businesses in international markets, leading to a significant decrease in export market shares.
Approximately three-quarters of this decline, according to Bundesbank estimates, can be attributed to decreased competitiveness, affecting various products differently.
Moreover, many German companies specialize in products with weak global demand, such as the automotive industry. This, along with the composition of German export goods, has contributed to the decline in market shares.
China’s role in these developments is significant, with German exporters facing competitive pressures from Chinese counterparts. China’s export industry has gained market shares, particularly in sectors where Germany has traditionally excelled.
The decline in German enterprise competitiveness has also impacted exports to China, with a notable decrease in recent years due to both factors.
Between 2021 and 2025, German exports to China dropped by one-fifth, with motor vehicle exports being hit the hardest.
Exports to other markets have remained relatively stable during this period. However, subdued exports are just a symptom of deeper issues, as the overall German economy is no longer growing as robustly as before.
The decline in potential growth since the early 2020s is a cause for concern, with experts projecting a modest annual potential growth rate in the coming years.
This decline prompts us to explore the reasons behind it and consider measures to revitalize potential growth, which I will address next.
3 Strengthen potential growth
Potential growth hinges on three factors: labor input growth, capital input growth, and total factor productivity growth. There is room for improvement in all three areas.
3.1 The factor of labor
Labor plays a crucial role in potential growth, with demographic changes impacting the workforce in Germany.
The aging population and declining birth rates have led to a decrease in the number of working-age individuals, posing challenges for the labor force.
Despite these trends, immigration and increased labor force participation have helped offset the decline in the labor force potential up to now.
Looking ahead, immigration and higher labor force participation are expected to continue supporting workforce growth.
However, moving forward, these positive contributions are unlikely to be enough to counteract the demographic decline. The potential labor force is expected to shrink in the future, leading to a decrease in potential output. This prediction is based on anticipated policy measures, but with the right adjustments by policymakers, changes can be made.
To address this issue, Germany should focus on increasing the labor supply. One way to do this is by allowing part-time employees, especially women, to increase their working hours. Financial disincentives in taxes, social security contributions, and transfers should be reduced to make additional work more attractive. Additionally, improving care facilities for children and the elderly can help increase the labor supply.
Furthermore, Germany should consider more labor market-oriented immigration, utilizing opportunities presented by the reformed Skilled Immigration Act. Streamlining procedures, faster digital processing, easier qualification recognition, and better integration can attract skilled workers to stay in Germany.
To fully utilize the potential of older workers, Germany should link retirement age to life expectancy and reduce incentives for early retirement. These steps can help reduce labor shortages, boost potential growth, and strengthen the pension system.
In addition to increasing the labor supply, Germany must also focus on capital input to drive potential growth. Bureaucracy is a significant obstacle to investment, and efforts to reduce unnecessary red tape are essential. The government’s reform initiatives to cut bureaucracy and accelerate processes are positive steps in the right direction.
Ultimately, for investments to have a significant impact, labor and capital must be used productively. Total factor productivity, influenced by technological progress, plays a crucial role in efficiency. Germany’s weak productivity growth can be attributed to regulatory burdens and a lack of investment in the high-tech sector. By addressing these issues, Germany can enhance productivity and overall economic growth. Along with reducing red tape, policymakers should explore ways to create a more conducive environment for innovation in the high-tech sector. The Federal Government’s initiatives to boost research and development, support start-ups, and streamline business start-up processes are positive steps that should be promptly implemented. Additionally, improving financing opportunities for start-ups and providing tax incentives for investments in venture capital funds could further support innovation. Germany faces challenges in terms of labor, investment, and productivity, but there are promising trends, such as the rise in business start-ups and increased use of artificial intelligence, that offer hope for future growth and productivity. Central banks like the ECB can support reform efforts through stable macroeconomic policies, although monetary policy alone cannot solve structural challenges. The ECB’s cautious approach in the face of inflation risks shows its commitment to safeguarding price stability. Overall, continued optimism, along with strategic reforms, is key to overcoming Germany’s challenges and fostering sustainable prosperity. (2025), IAB-Prognose 2025/2026 – Fiskalpolitik stützt Konjunktur und Arbeitsmarkt, IAB-Kurzbericht 19.
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Gegen Sichtprüfung.
1 Einleitung
Liebe Teilnehmer des Geldpolitischen Workshops, liebe Damen und Herren,
Ich freue mich, heute bei Ihnen sein zu dürfen. Wenn ich einen Blick auf das Programm werfe, sehe ich, dass Sie heute bereits intensive Diskussionen über die Neuausrichtung Deutschlands geführt haben – und das aus sehr unterschiedlichen Perspektiven.
Der Titel des Workshops – der ich annehme, ist eine bewusste Übertreibung – fragt, ob das deutsche Wirtschaftsmodell in Schwierigkeiten steckt. So weit würde ich noch nicht gehen.
Aber eines ist sicher: Die deutsche Wirtschaft steht vor großen Herausforderungen. Ich möchte die Gelegenheit nutzen, diese Herausforderungen und mögliche Lösungen heute mit Ihnen zu diskutieren.
2 Deutsches Wirtschaftswachstum unter Druck
Bevor wir Lösungen diskutieren, wollen wir uns einen besseren Überblick darüber verschaffen, wo wir derzeit stehen. Das Wirtschaftswachstum in Deutschland war in den vergangenen Jahren schwach. Der deutsche Wachstumsmotor begann bereits gegen Ende der 2010er Jahre zu stottern.
Ein wesentlicher Grund hierfür war der Verlust an Wettbewerbsfähigkeit deutscher Unternehmen auf den internationalen Märkten. In den letzten Jahren spiegelte sich dies in einem signifikanten Rückgang der Exportmarktanteile wider.
Nach Schätzungen der Bundesbank entfällt etwa drei Viertel dieses Rückgangs auf die gesunkene Wettbewerbsfähigkeit.[1] Dies betrifft zwei Dimensionen: einige Produkte werden relativ teurer, während andere im Gegensatz dazu nicht so gut abschneiden.
Darüber hinaus spezialisieren sich viele deutsche Unternehmen auf Produkte, für die die globale Nachfrage in den letzten Jahren schwach war. Die Automobilindustrie ist ein gutes Beispiel dafür. Demzufolge hat auch die deutsche Exportgütermischung, die seit Jahrzehnten ein Erfolgsrezept war, in den letzten Jahren zum Rückgang der Marktanteile beigetragen.
China dürfte bei all diesen Entwicklungen eine besondere Rolle gespielt haben.[2] Zum Beispiel zeigt eine kürzlich von der Bundesbank durchgeführte Umfrage bei Unternehmen, dass deutsche Exporteure insbesondere durch ihre chinesische Konkurrenz unter Wettbewerbsdruck geraten sind.[3]
Dies deckt sich mit der Tatsache, dass Chinas Exportindustrie in den letzten Jahren weiterhin Marktanteile gewonnen hat, getrieben durch gestiegene Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Der bedeutendste Fortschritt in Chinas Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zeigt sich in den Branchen Elektroindustrie, Automobilindustrie und Maschinenbau. Mit anderen Worten, in Wirtschaftszweigen, in denen Deutschland traditionell besonders stark ist.
Die Verschlechterung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit deutscher Unternehmen spielt auch eine Rolle beim deutlichen Rückgang der Exporte nach China. Allerdings war das schwache Wachstum der chinesischen Wirtschaft in den letzten Jahren wahrscheinlich ebenso relevant.
Zwischen 2021 und 2025 fielen die deutschen Exporte nach China um ein Fünftel. Die deutschen Kraftfahrzeugexporte nach China waren besonders stark betroffen. Sie haben sich seit 2021 praktisch halbiert und machten mehr als 60 % des Rückgangs der Exporte nach China allein aus.
Die Entwicklung der Exporte nach China unterschied sich erheblich von der der Exporte in andere Absatzmärkte. Die Exporte in alle anderen Länder waren seit 2022 zumindest weitgehend stabil.
Letztendlich sind gedämpfte Exporte nur ein Symptom für grundlegendere Probleme. Generell wächst die deutsche Wirtschaft nicht mehr so wie früher. Dies spiegelt sich nicht zuletzt in einem deutlichen Rückgang des Potenzialwachstums seit Anfang der 2020er Jahre wider.
Zwischen 1999 und 2019 stieg das Potenzialwachstum noch signifikant um mehr als 1 % pro Jahr. Doch seit Beginn der Coronavirus-Pandemie ist es bereits deutlich unter 1 % gefallen. Und unsere Experten erwarten in den nächsten Jahren eine jährliche Potenzialwachstumsrate von nur noch rund 0,4 %.[4]
Diese Zahl ist ein Warnsignal. Was genau steckt hinter diesem Rückgang und welche Maßnahmen wären angemessen, um das Potenzialwachstum wieder anzukurbeln? Diese Fragen möchte ich nun im Detail erörtern.
3 Stärkung des Potenzialwachstums
Das Potenzialwachstum kann in drei Faktoren unterteilt werden: erstens das Wachstum des Arbeitskräfteeinsatzes, zweitens das Wachstum des Kapitaleinsatzes und drittens das Wachstum der Arbeits- und Kapitalproduktivität, auch bekannt als Gesamtfaktorproduktivität. In allen drei Bereichen besteht erhebliches Verbesserungspotenzial.
3.1 Der Faktor Arbeit
Beginnen wir mit dem Faktor Arbeit. Nach vielen Jahren des – zum Teil starken – Wachstums dürfte die Zahl der erwerbsfähigen Personen in Deutschland im Jahr 2025 ihren Höhepunkt erreicht haben.[5]
Demografischer Wandel ist der Haupttreiber dieser Entwicklung. Möglicherweise haben Sie es kürzlich in den Nachrichten gehört: 2025 war das Jahr mit der niedrigsten Zahl von Geburten in der Nachkriegszeit. In the past year, there were 650,000 births and 1 million deaths, with life expectancy increasing significantly. This has led to a steady rise in the ratio of people aged 65 and over to those of working age over the past three decades, particularly in Germany. The aging population has been contributing to a decline in the labor force potential, with a decrease of over 200,000 people of working age per year in the early 2010s, rising to over half a million per year by the early 2020s.
Experts predict that this trend will continue, with immigration and higher labor force participation helping to offset the demographic decline. However, these positive contributions may not be sufficient to counteract the overall decrease in the potential labor force, which could weaken potential output.
To address this, Germany should focus on increasing the labor supply by enabling part-time employees to increase their working hours, improving childcare and eldercare facilities, and streamlining immigration procedures. Additionally, the country should make use of older workers and link retirement age to life expectancy to reduce labor shortages and strengthen the pension system.
In addition to increasing the labor supply, capital input is also crucial for potential growth. However, there has been a decline in investment since 2019, particularly in the corporate sector. Bureaucracy is often cited as a significant obstacle to investment, costing Germany billions in lost economic output. Simplifying regulations and reducing bureaucracy could help stimulate investment and boost potential growth in the country. In comparison, the share in the EU as a whole increased less dramatically, from 25% to 34%.
Reducing unnecessary red tape is crucial for revitalizing investment in Germany. The Federal Government’s efforts to streamline bureaucracy and expedite government processes are a positive step forward. However, the implementation of these initiatives is essential.
Effective investment requires productive use of both labor and capital.
Total factor productivity, which measures the efficiency of production factors, is influenced by technological advancements. Unfortunately, Germany has seen weak growth in total factor productivity, primarily due to regulatory burdens and a focus on research and development in the mid-tech sector rather than the high-tech sector.
To address these challenges, policymakers should focus on creating better conditions for innovation in the high-tech sector. Initiatives such as reducing red tape and promoting research and development are steps in the right direction.
Despite these challenges, there are positive developments, such as the increase in business start-ups and the use of artificial intelligence. These trends could support productivity growth in the long run.
In conclusion, while Germany faces significant challenges, reforms in labor, investment, and productivity are necessary to sustain prosperity. It is important to remain optimistic about the future and continue working towards these goals. Despite these challenges, there are reasons for optimism. Business start-ups are on the rise, more companies are utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), and there is a growing trend of businesses making more extensive use of AI technologies.
In terms of what central banks can do, it is important to note that Eurosystem monetary policy alone cannot solve Germany’s structural challenges. However, it can help facilitate reform efforts by providing a stable macroeconomic environment.
The recent decision by the Governing Council of the European Central Bank (ECB) to keep key interest rates unchanged reflects a cautious approach in the face of uncertainties, such as the impact of the Iran war on inflation rates. The Council remains vigilant about potential risks to price stability and is prepared to take necessary actions to prevent energy-driven price hikes from becoming entrenched.
Moving forward, it is essential to continue discussions on these topics and explore potential solutions. Thank you for your attention. Nonetheless, the slow growth of the Chinese economy in recent years has also played a significant role. Between 2021 and 2025, German exports to China dropped by one-fifth, with German motor vehicle exports being particularly impacted. This decline in exports to China contrasted sharply with the stability of exports to other countries during the same period. Overall, subdued exports are just one symptom of broader issues facing the German economy, including a sharp decrease in potential growth since the early 2020s.
During the period from 1999 to 2019, potential growth was steadily increasing by over 1% per year. However, since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, it has fallen below 1%, with experts projecting a potential growth rate of only around 0.4% annually in the coming years. This decline in potential growth raises concerns about the underlying factors contributing to this trend and the necessary measures to stimulate growth.
To address the challenges facing potential growth, it is essential to focus on three key factors: labor input growth, capital input growth, and labor and capital input productivity growth. There is significant room for improvement in all three areas.
Labor is a crucial factor in potential growth, and demographic changes in Germany have had a substantial impact on the labor force. The aging population and declining birth rates have led to a reduction in the number of people of working age. While immigration and higher labor force participation have helped offset this decline in recent years, it may not be sufficient to counteract the demographic trends in the long term. Policymakers should focus on increasing the labor supply through measures such as enabling part-time employees to increase their working hours, improving childcare and elderly care facilities, and streamlining immigration processes for skilled workers. Additionally, maximizing the potential of older workers by linking retirement age to life expectancy could help address labor shortages and support potential growth in the future. In addition, they would also enhance the financing of the pension system. However, simply increasing the labor supply is not sufficient. The second factor contributing to greater potential growth is capital input, which refers to the amount being invested. Urgent action is needed in this area as well. Since 2019, there has been a noticeable decline in price-adjusted gross fixed capital formation in the economy overall, with the corporate sector experiencing a significant drop in investment, particularly in machinery and equipment. Construction investment has also decreased since the end of the German real estate price boom. Only government investment has seen an increase since 2019. In 2024 and 2025, fixed investment was actually negative for the first time since reunification, indicating that Germany is depleting its capital stock. The main challenge hindering investment, according to business surveys, is bureaucracy. The costs of bureaucracy have risen, leading to a loss of economic output. To revive investment in Germany, unnecessary red tape must be eliminated. However, large investments can only have a real impact if labor and capital are used productively. Total factor productivity, which measures how efficiently factors of production are used, also plays a crucial role in growth. In recent years, trend total factor productivity growth in Germany has been weak, with one reason being the regulatory burdens. Another factor affecting productivity is the disproportionate spending on research and development in the mid-tech sector compared to the high-tech sector. Policymakers should focus on creating better conditions for innovation in the high-tech sector to boost productivity. The Federal Government’s plans for more research and development and better conditions for start-ups are positive steps in the right direction. To ensure effectiveness, additional measures such as tax incentives for investing in start-ups and venture capital funds should be considered. In conclusion, Germany is facing significant challenges related to labor, investment, and productivity. Despite these challenges, there are positive developments, such as the increasing trend of business start-ups in innovative sectors. Additionally, the use of artificial intelligence shows promise for enhancing productivity growth in the future. What is the current situation in Germany? According to a recent study based on the Bundesbank Online Panel – Firms (BOP-F), the use of generative AI in German enterprises has significantly increased in recent years. Both the number of users and the intensity of use have seen a rise.
To provide some figures to support this, the percentage of firms using or planning to use generative AI increased from 26% in 2024 to an expected 56% in 2026. Additionally, the share of working hours in which generative AI is used is projected to increase from 7.5% in 2024 to around 8.9% in 2026.
The adoption of generative AI is particularly widespread in the services sectors, highlighting the technology’s broad application potential. The majority of firms using generative AI expect noticeable productivity gains, with over 50% anticipating an increase in labor productivity of at least 2% in 2025 and 2026.
While these assessments do not serve as a forecast for the overall economy, they align with the prevailing optimism regarding the growth potential of generative AI in macroeconomic literature. Please provide a different version. Please rewrite this sentence.
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